佛陀教導了什麽？什麽是四聖諦？

A Dharma Wheel engraved on the hand of a Buddha sculpture. | Source: The Art Institute of Chicago, via Unsplash
佛像手上刻有法輪。 |資料來源：芝加哥藝術學院，來自 Unsplash

The Buddha had a lot to say about how to understand life. After his enlightenment under the Bodhi tree, he gave his first sermons to his disciples, teaching about the nature of suffering and the path to ending suffering.
關於如何理解生命，佛陀有很多說法。在菩提樹下成道後，他第一次為弟子說法，教導苦的本質和滅苦之道。

Over this lifetime, the Buddha offered a detailed and wide-ranging set of teachings that would ultimately be codified in what we now call Buddhism. Collectively, these teachings are known as the dharma or buddha - dharma. As his teachings spread, they picked up parts of local religious traditions and cultures and naturally adapted to reflect that.
在這一生中，佛陀提供了一套詳細而廣泛的教義，這些教義最終被編入我們現在所說的佛教中。總的來說，這些教義被稱為佛法或佛法。隨著他的教義的傳播，他們吸收了當地宗教傳統和文化的一部份，並自然地進行了調整以反映這一點。

The Buddha’s teachings span the nature of mind and emotions, the nature of suffering and the path to ending suffering, guidelines for living ethically, cosmology and the nature of reality, the possibility of achieving nirvana, and instructions for mind-training practices like meditation.
佛陀的教義涵蓋心靈和情感的本質、痛苦的本質和結束痛苦的道路、道德生活的指導方針、宇宙論和現實的本質、實作涅槃的可能性，以及冥想等心靈訓練實踐的指導。

At the heart of the Buddhist teachings are the eightfold path and the four noble truths, which is where this deck begins. From the four noble truths to the Middle Way to the law of karma, here are some of the Buddha’s most central teachings.
佛教教義的核心是八正道和四聖諦，這也是本套牌的開始。從四聖諦到中道再到業力法則，以下是佛陀的一些最核心的教義。

The four noble truths: Discover the Buddha’s foundational teachings on the nature of suffering—and the path to its cessation.
四聖諦：探索佛陀關於苦的本質及其止息之道的基本教義。

What are the four noble truths?

什麽是四聖諦？

In Buddhism, the Four Noble Truths ( Sanskrit: चतुरार्यसत्यानि, romanized: caturāryasatyāni ; Pali: caturāriyasaccāni; "The Four Arya Satya") are "the truths of the Noble Ones", the truths or realities for the "spiritually worthy ones". The truths are:

在佛教中，四聖諦（梵文：चतुरार्यसत्यानि，羅馬字：caturāryasatyāni；巴利文：caturāriyasaccāni；「四聖諦」）是「聖者的真理」，「精神上值得的人」的真理或現實。事實是：

The four truths appear in many grammatical forms in the ancient Buddhist texts, and are traditionally identified as the first teaching given by the Buddha. While often called one of the most important teachings in Buddhism, they have both a symbolic and a propositional function. Symbolically, they represent the awakening and liberation of the Buddha, and of the potential for his followers to reach the same liberation and freedom as him. As propositions, the Four Truths are a conceptual framework that appear in the Pali canon and early Hybrid Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures, as a part of the broader "network of teachings" (the " dhamma matrix"), which have to be taken together. They provide a conceptual framework for introducing and explaining Buddhist thought, which has to be personally understood or "experienced".

四諦以多種語法形式出現在古代佛教經典中，傳統上被認為是佛陀所傳授的第一教義。 雖然通常被稱為佛教中最重要的教義之一， 既具有象征性功能，又具有命題性功能。 從象征意義上講，它們代表了佛陀的覺醒和解脫，以及佛陀追隨者獲得與佛陀同樣的解脫和自由的潛力。 作為命題，四諦是巴利經典和早期混合梵文佛教經典中出現的概念框架， 作為更廣泛的「教義網路」 （「佛法矩陣」）的一部份， 必須將它們放在一起. 它們提供了一個介紹和解釋佛教思想的概念框架，必須親自理解或「體驗」。

As a proposition, the four truths defy an exact definition, but refer to and express the basic orientation of Buddhism: unguarded sensory contact gives rise to craving and clinging to impermanent states and things, which are dukkha , "unsatisfactory," "incapable of satisfying" and painful. This craving keeps us caught in saṃsāra ,"wandering", usually interpreted as the endless cycle of repeated rebirth, and the continued dukkha that comes with it, but also referring to the endless cycle of attraction and rejection that perpetuates the ego-mind.

here is a way to end this cycle, namely by attaining nirvana , cessation of craving, whereafter rebirth and the accompanying dukkha will no longer arise again. This can be accomplished by following the eightfold path, confining our automatic responses to sensory contact by restraining oneself, cultivating discipline and wholesome states, and practicing mindfulness and dhyana (meditation).

作為一個命題，四諦沒有一個確切的定義，但它指的是並表達了佛教的基本方向： 不受保護的感官接觸引起對無常狀態和事物的貪愛和執著， 這是苦，「不滿意」， 「無法滿足」 並且痛苦。 這種渴望讓我們陷入輪回， 「徘徊」，通常被解釋為重復重生的無休止迴圈， 以及隨之而來的持續的苦， 但也指使自我心智永存的吸引和拒絕的無休止迴圈。 有一種方法可以結束這個迴圈, 即證得涅槃、滅盡貪愛，此後重生和隨之而來的苦將不再生起。這可以透過遵循八正道來實作， 限制我們的自動透過克制自己、培養戒律和善的狀態、練習正念和禪定來對感官接觸做出反應。

The function of the four truths, and their importance, developed over time and the Buddhist tradition slowly recognized them as the Buddha's first teaching. This tradition was established when prajna , or "liberating insight", came to be regarded as liberating in itself, instead of or in addition to the practice of dhyana . [39] This "liberating insight" gained a prominent place in the sutras, and the four truths came to represent this liberating insight, as a part of the enlightenment story of the Buddha.

四聖諦的功能及其重要性隨著時間的推移而發展，佛教傳統慢慢地承認它們是佛陀的第一個教義。當般若（或「解脫洞察力」）被認為是解脫的時候，這個傳統就建立了。 代替或補充禪定的修行。這種「解脫觀」在佛經中占據了顯著的位置，而四諦則代表了這種解脫觀，作為佛法的一部份。佛陀的成道故事。

The four truths grew to be of central importance in the Theravada tradition of Buddhism by about the 5th-century CE, which holds that the insight into the four truths is liberating in itself. They are less prominent in the Mahayana tradition, which sees the higher aims of insight into sunyata , emptiness, and following the Bodhisattva path as central elements in their teachings and practice.

he Mahayana tradition reinterpreted the four truths to explain how a liberated being can still be "pervasively operative in this world". [47] Beginning with the exploration of Buddhism by Western colonialists in the 19th century and the development of Buddhist modernism, they came to be often presented in the west as the central teaching of Buddhism, sometimes with novel modernistic reinterpretations very different from the historic Buddhist traditions in Asia.

到公元五世紀左右，四聖諦在佛教的上座部傳統中變得至關重要， 認為對四聖諦的洞察本身就是解脫。它們不太突出在大乘傳統中，將洞察空性、空性和追隨菩薩道的更高目標視為其教義和修行的核心要素。 大乘傳統重新詮釋了四聖諦，以解釋解脫的眾生如何仍能獲得解脫。 「普遍作用於這個世界」。從19世紀西方殖民者對佛教的探索和佛教現代主義的發展開始，它們經常作為佛教的中心教義出現在西方， 有時會進行新穎的現代主義重新詮釋，與亞洲歷史悠久的佛教傳統截然不同。